rakstys.eu Business Planning and Evaluation Rolandas Rakštys · interactive textbook for study and practice

Versions

Current edition v2026.09.16.4 Work in progress

The text is publicly available but not editorially final: it has no ISBN and has not been through final copy-editing. A chapter version number reflects the maturity of that chapter’s structure only, not the publication status of the book.

The textbook is still being written, so the book and its individual chapters carry different numbers. The edition number records when the whole text was last published; each chapter has its own three-part version (for example v0.13.7). If you hold a copy of a chapter, compare the version in its colophon with the table below to see whether your text is out of date.

What the numbers mean

The edition number is the date of publication: v2026.09.12 means 12 September 2026. If two editions are published on the same day, the second one takes a suffix (v2026.09.12.2).

A chapter version has three parts. They differ by how much the change asks of the reader: whether the material has to be located again, or whether reading the revised passage is enough. This matters to anyone who relies on particular subsections — a lecturer building a course, a student who noted down references, or a reader citing the textbook in their own work.

The first number of a chapter version is not a mark of editorial completeness. v1.0.0 only means that the structure of that chapter has been reorganised once — not that the chapter is finished. Whether the book as a whole is editorially final is shown by its status and by an ISBN, which it does not yet have.

Chapter versions

Each row shows the Lithuanian and the English version of a chapter. Click the number on the right to open that chapter’s change log.

Chapter Latest change Lithuanian English
0 Introduction for the reader Introduction corrected 2.1.1 → 2.1.2 Full source audit (S1): OECD and IVS definitions taken from the current editions (2023, 2025), the Scriven quotation corrected against the original, and the Few epigraph replaced with a verified wording; the practice of AI use also grounded in the national guidelines; references for the VDU guidelines, COPE, ICMJE, Palepu and others corrected; the claims based on Miller and Sweller and on Makridakis worded more cautiously 2.1.2 2026-09-14 r3 2026-09-14 approved
  1. 2.1.1 → 2.1.2 corrected 6 % v2026.09.14.4 · 2026-09-14 Full source audit (S1): OECD and IVS definitions taken from the current editions (2023, 2025), the Scriven quotation corrected against the original, and the Few epigraph replaced with a verified wording; the practice of AI use also grounded in the national guidelines; references for the VDU guidelines, COPE, ICMJE, Palepu and others corrected; the claims based on Miller and Sweller and on Makridakis worded more cautiously
  2. 2.1.0 → 2.1.1 corrected 4 % v2026.09.14.3 · 2026-09-14 First mentions of abbreviations made consistent (CAPM, M&A, LBO, IPO, MBO) and repeated expansions of AI and IVS removed; section 6.2 again explains the term appraisal, section 7.1 adds a sentence on cross-references; section 8.3 specifies the start of the era of large language models (GPT-3, 2020; ChatGPT, 2022); section 2.4 describes student versions as generated from the lecturer models and no longer allocates course time by weeks; minor consistency corrections
  3. 2.0.0 → 2.1.0 expanded 55 % v2026.09.14.2 · 2026-09-14 Revision of the introduction: section 1 rewritten; sections 3 and 4 divided into subsections (parts and their questions, structural principles, sequence of Part VI; case types, hierarchy of sources); section 5 adds a four-stage cycle for working with AI; section 6 adds the business analysis sequence and risk terms according to ISO 31000; reading guidelines now describe the content of chapter combinations and list resources for lecturers; reference list aligned with in-text citations; Lithuanian names for LBO and MBO. After the subject and language reviews: statements on the forecasting horizon and the equity risk premium corrected; hierarchy of sources, semester plan, table 8.1 without the length column, first mentions of abbreviations and personal names corrected
  4. 1.1.2 → 2.0.0 restructured 37 % v2026.09.14 · 2026-09-14 The procedure for “Decisions with AI” tasks moved to the new Appendix A and the sections of the introduction renumbered; the map of the author's contributions removed from the introduction until the final edition; the textbook's underlying concept described in section 1; statements about the textbook corrected: section references, platform address and descriptions of learning tools; the OKR implementation variant removed from the list of proposed models; overstated claims softened; reference list added; language corrections
  5. 1.1.1 → 1.1.2 corrected 14 % v2026.09.12.3 · 2026-09-12 Copy-editing: wording refined; the EU AI Act and the GDPR given their Lithuanian names
  6. 0.10.7 → 0.11.0 expanded 25 % v2026.09.12.2 · 2026-09-12 The introduction now discusses the role that authors’ names play
  7. 0.10.6 → 0.10.7 corrected 23 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 References to chapters written out in words, without abbreviations
  8. 0.10.1 → 0.10.2 corrected 12 % v0.10.2 · 2026-09-07 The number of glossary terms corrected after duplicates were removed
  9. 0.10.0 → 0.10.1 corrected 28 % v0.10.1 · 2026-09-07 Corrections to the terminology subsection; sources added to the quotations
  10. 0.9.0 → 0.10.0 expanded 24 % v0.10.0 · 2026-09-06 A subsection on valuation and company terminology added; the number of terms corrected

State of the English version

Revision
r3 · 2026-09-14
Translated from
v2.1.2

Retranslated from v2.1.0, with the changes in v2.1.1 and v2.1.2 translated; three reviews (fidelity, terminology, audience), a back-translation and a synthesis completed on 14 September 2026; blocking defects fixed and the final text checked against v2.1.1; v2.1.2 adds the corrections from the S1 full source audit (sources, quotations, references).
1 Foundations of business value Part I corrected 0.15.0 → 0.15.1 1.6.7: nuoroda į B priedą išplėstinei užduočiai 0.15.1 2026-09-16 r4 2026-09-15 approved
  1. 0.15.0 → 0.15.1 corrected 0 % v2026.09.16.4 · 2026-09-16 1.6.7: nuoroda į B priedą išplėstinei užduočiai
  2. 0.14.3 → 0.15.0 expanded 6 % v2026.09.15 · 2026-09-15 Section 1.6.7 after subject reviews R1–R3 and language edit L2: introduction and task 1.18 in the third person; 1.18 becomes a private sale (RytLog, a hypothetical private limited company with no loans or other financial liabilities, whose owner offers all its shares) at level 1 of openness; 1.19 sets out the conditions and whose decision it informs and a table of perspectives; the Ignitis Group examples are qualitative, the quantitative ones use a hypothetical debt-free company; examples for workflow stages E1–E7; calculations are optional where the chapter material does not support them
  3. 0.14.2 → 0.14.3 corrected 0 % v2026.09.14 · 2026-09-14 The procedure for the “Decisions with AI” task is now referenced in Appendix A; wording of the basic task refined; statements of position and synthesis no longer refer to the author
  4. 0.14.1 → 0.14.2 corrected 0 % v2026.09.13 · 2026-09-13 Leidinio tipo eilutė perkelta į titulinį lapą
  5. 0.14.0 → 0.14.1 corrected 3 % v2026.09.12.3 · 2026-09-12 Reference to section 9 of the introduction updated after the restructuring
  6. 0.13.6 → 0.13.7 corrected 1 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Terminology: non-rivalry, resilient management, strategic action
  7. 0.9.0 → 0.9.1 corrected 0 % v0.10.0 · 2026-09-06 Reference corrected: technology is discussed in chapter 19, not 18

State of the English version

Revision
r4 · 2026-09-15
Translated from
v0.15.0

The new section 1.6.7 (Decisions with AI: basic task 1.18 and extended task 1.19) and the other changes in meaning up to v0.15.0 translated; the rest of the text was translated from v0.13.7 and checked; three reviews (fidelity, terminology, audience), a back-translation and a synthesis completed on 15 September 2026; no blocking defects, review comments applied.
2 The business planning and evaluation process Part I corrected 0.9.11 → 0.9.12 Cross-references to other chapters rephrased in impersonal form 0.9.12 2026-09-13 not yet translated
  1. 0.9.11 → 0.9.12 corrected 0 % v2026.09.14.3 · 2026-09-14 Cross-references to other chapters rephrased in impersonal form
  2. 0.9.10 → 0.9.11 corrected 0 % v2026.09.13 · 2026-09-13 Leidinio tipo eilutė perkelta į titulinį lapą
  3. 0.9.8 → 0.9.9 corrected 1 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Terminology: illiquid market, data table
3 Business risk and profitability Part II corrected 0.9.7 → 0.9.8 Leidinio tipo eilutė perkelta į titulinį lapą 0.9.8 2026-09-13 not yet translated
  1. 0.9.7 → 0.9.8 corrected 0 % v2026.09.13 · 2026-09-13 Leidinio tipo eilutė perkelta į titulinį lapą
  2. 0.9.5 → 0.9.6 corrected 1 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Terminology: context-dependent candidates reviewed
4 Risk analysis methods and measures Part II corrected 0.9.8 → 0.9.9 Leidinio tipo eilutė perkelta į titulinį lapą 0.9.9 2026-09-13 not yet translated
  1. 0.9.8 → 0.9.9 corrected 0 % v2026.09.13 · 2026-09-13 Leidinio tipo eilutė perkelta į titulinį lapą
  2. 0.9.6 → 0.9.7 corrected 1 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Terminology: illiquid market, data table
5 Shaping business structure: specialisation versus diversification Part III corrected 0.9.6 → 0.9.7 Type labels added to the real cases 0.9.7 2026-09-12 not yet translated
  1. 0.9.6 → 0.9.7 corrected 2 % v2026.09.12.3 · 2026-09-12 Type labels added to the real cases
  2. 0.9.4 → 0.9.5 corrected 1 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Amounts in the Excel instructions given in euros
6 Planning and evaluating operational processes Part III corrected 0.9.1 → 0.9.2 Quotation marks: the straight closing mark replaced with the Lithuanian one 0.9.3 2026-09-12 not yet translated
  1. 0.9.1 → 0.9.2 corrected 33 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Quotation marks: the straight closing mark replaced with the Lithuanian one
7 Evaluating marketing decisions Part III corrected 0.9.4 → 0.9.5 The worked example aligned with the calculator 0.9.6 2026-09-12 not yet translated
  1. 0.9.4 → 0.9.5 corrected 1 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 The worked example aligned with the calculator
8 Planning and evaluating staffing needs Part III corrected 0.9.5 → 0.9.6 References to chapters written out in words, without abbreviations 0.9.7 2026-09-12 not yet translated
  1. 0.9.5 → 0.9.6 corrected 1 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 References to chapters written out in words, without abbreviations
9 Financial statement analysis and diagnostics Part IV expanded 0.9.3 → 0.10.0 The case extended with profitability measures; the tax rate corrected 0.10.1 2026-09-12 not yet translated
  1. 0.9.3 → 0.10.0 expanded 3 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 The case extended with profitability measures; the tax rate corrected
10 Evaluating investment decisions Part IV corrected 0.9.6 → 0.9.7 LBO now given with its standard Lithuanian name 0.9.7 2026-09-14 not yet translated
  1. 0.9.6 → 0.9.7 corrected 0 % v2026.09.14.2 · 2026-09-14 LBO now given with its standard Lithuanian name
  2. 0.9.4 → 0.9.5 corrected 1 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 References to chapters written out in words, without abbreviations
11 Financing decisions and the cost of capital Part IV corrected 0.10.0 → 0.10.1 References to chapters written out in words, without abbreviations 0.10.2 2026-09-12 not yet translated
  1. 0.10.0 → 0.10.1 corrected 2 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 References to chapters written out in words, without abbreviations
12 Building financial forecasts Part IV corrected 0.9.6 → 0.9.7 Table source note and introduction rephrased without reference to the author or the first person 0.9.7 2026-09-13 not yet translated
  1. 0.9.6 → 0.9.7 corrected 0 % v2026.09.14.3 · 2026-09-14 Table source note and introduction rephrased without reference to the author or the first person
  2. 0.9.4 → 0.9.5 corrected 5 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 References to chapters written out in words, without abbreviations
13 Business valuation methods Part V corrected 0.9.9 → 0.9.10 Statements of position no longer refer to the author; first person replaced with impersonal form 0.9.10 2026-09-13 not yet translated
  1. 0.9.9 → 0.9.10 corrected 0 % v2026.09.14.3 · 2026-09-14 Statements of position no longer refer to the author; first person replaced with impersonal form
  2. 0.9.7 → 0.9.8 corrected 2 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Terminology: illiquid market, data table
14 Special valuation cases Part V corrected 0.10.5 → 0.10.6 Baltic threshold for the Berkus method and other wording rephrased without reference to the author or the first person; Lithuanian name for LBO standardised and its definition supported by a source 0.10.6 2026-09-14 not yet translated
  1. 0.10.5 → 0.10.6 corrected 1 % v2026.09.14.2 · 2026-09-14 Baltic threshold for the Berkus method and other wording rephrased without reference to the author or the first person; Lithuanian name for LBO standardised and its definition supported by a source
  2. 0.10.3 → 0.10.4 corrected 6 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 References to chapters written out in words, without abbreviations
15 Multi-criteria evaluation and a benchmark system Part V corrected 0.9.9 → 0.9.10 Corrected the reference to the part of the book the chapter belongs to; the BTV model is presented as a proposed concept: heading and description no longer refer to the author, the novelty claim and the reference to an unpublished article removed; links to other chapters corrected; the word “weight” corrected 0.9.10 2026-09-14 not yet translated
  1. 0.9.9 → 0.9.10 corrected 1 % v2026.09.14.3 · 2026-09-14 Corrected the reference to the part of the book the chapter belongs to; the BTV model is presented as a proposed concept: heading and description no longer refer to the author, the novelty claim and the reference to an unpublished article removed; links to other chapters corrected; the word “weight” corrected
  2. 0.9.7 → 0.9.8 corrected 3 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 References to chapters written out in words, without abbreviations
16 The financial model of a business plan Part V expanded 0.10.3 → 0.11.0 Corrected a reference to the introduction; a citation of unpublished work replaced with a published co-authored report; two real cases clarified: purpose and history of the automated business plan form, and the division between concept and technical work in PlanVeVa; statements of position no longer refer to the author or use the first person 0.11.0 2026-09-13 not yet translated
  1. 0.10.3 → 0.11.0 expanded 3 % v2026.09.14.3 · 2026-09-14 Corrected a reference to the introduction; a citation of unpublished work replaced with a published co-authored report; two real cases clarified: purpose and history of the automated business plan form, and the division between concept and technical work in PlanVeVa; statements of position no longer refer to the author or use the first person
  2. 0.10.1 → 0.10.2 corrected 27 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Grammatical case in cross-references corrected
17 Managing plan implementation Part VI expanded 1.0.7 → 1.1.0 The name “Lithuanianized OKR” dropped: the text now describes an OKR implementation variant for Lithuanian companies, separates general OKR practice from the adaptation and notes that the variant has not been tested empirically; proposed models no longer refer to the author or use the first person 1.1.0 2026-09-13 not yet translated
  1. 1.0.7 → 1.1.0 expanded 2 % v2026.09.14.3 · 2026-09-14 The name “Lithuanianized OKR” dropped: the text now describes an OKR implementation variant for Lithuanian companies, separates general OKR practice from the adaptation and notes that the variant has not been tested empirically; proposed models no longer refer to the author or use the first person
  2. 1.0.5 → 1.0.6 corrected 0 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 References to chapters written out in words, without abbreviations
18 Exit strategies Part VI corrected 1.0.7 → 1.0.8 Table source notes and the description of the debate structure no longer refer to the author; Lithuanian names for LBO and MBO standardised; the definition of MBO and MBI supported by a source 1.0.8 2026-09-14 not yet translated
  1. 1.0.7 → 1.0.8 corrected 0 % v2026.09.14.2 · 2026-09-14 Table source notes and the description of the debate structure no longer refer to the author; Lithuanian names for LBO and MBO standardised; the definition of MBO and MBI supported by a source
  2. 1.0.5 → 1.0.6 corrected 0 % v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 A reference to an external document corrected
A Appendix A. Method for the “Decisions with AI” practical tasks Appendix at the end of the book expanded 1.2.0 → 1.3.0 R1/L1 taisymai: registro taisyklė tik A.3, aplinkos failai, kertinė prielaida, asmens duomenys pagal B.9, vertinimo patikslinimai 1.3.02026-09-16 r1 2026-09-15 approved
  1. 1.2.0 → 1.3.0 expanded 11 % v2026.09.16.4 · 2026-09-16 R1/L1 taisymai: registro taisyklė tik A.3, aplinkos failai, kertinė prielaida, asmens duomenys pagal B.9, vertinimo patikslinimai
  2. 1.1.0 → 1.2.0 expanded 1 % v2026.09.16.3 · 2026-09-16 Agentų aplinka užklausų registruose: E4 papildymas, A.3 – modelis ir data, aplinkos failai
  3. 1.0.0 → 1.1.0 expanded 100 % v2026.09.15 · 2026-09-15 Plainer language, third-person wording, one worked example (a café expansion decision) and an Example column in the tables; after subject reviews R1–R3 and language edit L2: the extended-task workflow E1–E7 and submission rules in section A.1; nothing is required that cannot be calculated from the chapter material, and methods from other topics are the student’s initiative; levels of openness 1–2 for the basic task and 3–5 for the extended task; clearer protocol examples; section A.3 adds a log of prompts and answers; section A.6 a 0–2 scoring scale and how it is applied; section A.8 seminar planning, a lecturer’s own basic-task variant, staged submission and the workload of the first task
  4. 1.0.0 expanded v2026.09.14 · 2026-09-14 New appendix: the procedure for “Decisions with AI” tasks, common to all chapters, moved from the introduction; the scale of task openness completed

State of the English version

Revision
r1 · 2026-09-15
Translated from
v1.1.0

First translation, from v1.1.0; three reviews (fidelity, terminology, audience), a back-translation and a synthesis completed on 15 September 2026; no blocking defects, review comments applied.
B Appendix B. Building an AI agent working environment Appendix at the end of the book expanded 1.0.1 → 1.1.0 R1/L1 taisymai: formuluotės, registro nuoroda į A.3, pirmosios aplinkos minimumas, versijavimo riba 1.1.02026-09-16 not yet translated
  1. 1.0.1 → 1.1.0 expanded 10 % v2026.09.16.4 · 2026-09-16 R1/L1 taisymai: formuluotės, registro nuoroda į A.3, pirmosios aplinkos minimumas, versijavimo riba
  2. 1.0.0 → 1.0.1 corrected 4 % v2026.09.16.2 · 2026-09-16 Patikslinta, kas pateikiama su darbu: pirminiai aplinkos failai ir užklausų registrai laisvu formatu
  3. 1.0.0 expanded v2026.09.16 · 2026-09-16 B priedas: DI agentų darbo aplinkos kūrimas (pirmoji redakcija, laikinas paskelbimas paskaitai)
Ž Glossary Textbook apparatus corrections Žodynėlis: DI agentas, agento įgūdis, agento kortelė, kertinė prielaida, taisyklių failas 336 terms2026-09-16 with the text
  1. corrections v2026.09.16.4 · 2026-09-16 Žodynėlis: DI agentas, agento įgūdis, agento kortelė, kertinė prielaida, taisyklių failas
  2. corrections v2026.09.15 · 2026-09-15 Glossary: the chapter 1 formula reference in the beta coefficient and CAPM entries corrected (formula 1.3 is EVA)
  3. corrections v2026.09.14.4 · 2026-09-14 In the glossary entry on valuation, the OECD and IVS definitions are taken from the current editions and the Scriven definition is corrected against the original
  4. corrections v2026.09.14.2 · 2026-09-14 Glossary entries “Enterprise” and “Valuation” refined; platform address corrected in the list of abbreviations; glossary and abbreviation entries BSC, BTV, FIBER, IAT, SEW and VDU no longer refer to the author or to internal files; entries FR-2156 and “Lithuanianized OKR” removed; Lithuanian names for LBO and MBO standardised and their definitions supported by sources; the “Valuation” entry aligned with the introduction; the list of abbreviations shows NPV usage
  5. corrections v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Punctuation in the glossary and the list of acronyms: the em dash replaced with an en dash
  6. corrections v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Quotation marks in the glossary and the list of acronyms
  7. corrections v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Glossary: the notion of metareflection and its usage exceptions clarified
  8. corrections v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Terminology in the glossary and the list of acronyms
  9. corrections v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Terminology in the glossary and the list of acronyms: context-dependent cases
A List of acronyms Textbook apparatus corrections Glossary entries “Enterprise” and “Valuation” refined; platform address corrected in the list of abbreviations; glossary and abbreviation entries BSC, BTV, FIBER, IAT, SEW and VDU no longer refer to the author or to internal files; entries FR-2156 and “Lithuanianized OKR” removed; Lithuanian names for LBO and MBO standardised and their definitions supported by sources; the “Valuation” entry aligned with the introduction; the list of abbreviations shows NPV usage 185 acronyms2026-09-14 with the text
  1. corrections v2026.09.14.2 · 2026-09-14 Glossary entries “Enterprise” and “Valuation” refined; platform address corrected in the list of abbreviations; glossary and abbreviation entries BSC, BTV, FIBER, IAT, SEW and VDU no longer refer to the author or to internal files; entries FR-2156 and “Lithuanianized OKR” removed; Lithuanian names for LBO and MBO standardised and their definitions supported by sources; the “Valuation” entry aligned with the introduction; the list of abbreviations shows NPV usage
  2. corrections v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Punctuation in the glossary and the list of acronyms: the em dash replaced with an en dash
  3. corrections v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Punctuation in the examples of the list of acronyms
  4. corrections v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Quotation marks in the glossary and the list of acronyms
  5. corrections v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Terminology in the glossary and the list of acronyms
  6. corrections v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Terminology in the glossary and the list of acronyms: context-dependent cases
  7. corrections v0.10.7 · 2026-09-07 The introduction to the list of acronyms rewritten in an academic register
  8. corrections v0.10.6 · 2026-09-07 An introduction in Lithuanian and English added to the list of acronyms
  9. corrections v0.10.5 · 2026-09-07 List of acronyms restructured: the Lithuanian and the English abbreviation on one line
  10. corrections v0.10.4 · 2026-09-07 English names given for the Lithuanian acronyms
  11. corrections v0.10.3 · 2026-09-07 Index of acronyms: duplicates merged, non-acronym entries removed
∀ Changes across all chapters One change made across the whole book corrected in 16 chapters A full stop after the heading number —2026-09-15 with the text
  1. corrected in 16 chapters v2026.09.12.3 · 2026-09-12 A full stop after the heading number
  2. corrections v2026.09.15.2 · 2026-09-15 Appendix pages added to the English edition: Appendix A translated, and the language switch on the Lithuanian appendix leads to the translation; section 1.6.7 of Chapter 1 translated
  3. corrections v2026.09.14 · 2026-09-14 The note “grounded in the author's own research” removed from the title page and the publication page
  4. corrections v2026.09.13.6 · 2026-09-13 Lietuviškame tituliniame bloke atsirado paantraštė – abu tituliniai lapai vienodos sandaros
  5. corrections v2026.09.13.5 · 2026-09-13 Pradžios puslapio viršus paverstas tituliniu: autorius, leidėjas, metai ir leidimas; leidinio puslapis pervadintas į metriką
  6. corrections v2026.09.13.4 · 2026-09-13 Leidinio puslapis įtrauktas į pagrindinį meniu
  7. corrections v2026.09.13.3 · 2026-09-13 Angliškuose puslapiuose naudojimo sąlygų nuoroda veda į angliškas sąlygas
  8. corrections v2026.09.13.2 · 2026-09-13 Svetainėje atsirado leidinio puslapis su tipu, licencija ir skaičiuoklių įspėjimu
  9. corrections v2026.09.12.5 · 2026-09-12 Angliškame leidime skyrių pavadinimai ir pakeitimų aprašai pateikiami angliškai
  10. corrections v2026.09.12.4 · 2026-09-12 Change log entries rewritten for the reader: no internal round codes or file names
  11. corrections v2026.09.12 · 2026-09-12 Punctuation: the em dash replaced with an en dash in the calculators and on the site

Chapters marked in colour were updated on the most recent date (2026-09-16) — 1 of them. Fainter shades mark the two update dates before that.

How the textbook may be used — see the about this edition.